Empowering the Runaway Women: A fight against Violence
Abstract
This paper investigates the factors behind the runaway women and the untapped phenomenon of family structures where such incidents are reported. We used broader concept of women empowerment to explore the runaway causes through the provision of living, wage jobs, education, medical and health facilities in targeted population. The respondents are selected from the shelter homes of Punjab province in Pakistan where data are collected through in-depth interviews from the Runaway women and the management of different shelter homes. The transformation of data is conducted through thematic analysis. Our result indicates that domestic violence, physical & sexual abuses, life threats, and forced marriages are the reasons behind women’s runaway. The shelter homes’ management added that illiteracy and perceived destructive role of media are the additional causes in runaway incidents. Our results provide important insights on backdrop of women runaways in developing societies. Accordingly, there is an immediate need for the government and social policy agencies to take cohesive measures to support socially affected women at their door step in order to minimize such social violence.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Ali, P. A., & Gavino, M. I. B. (2008). Violence against women in Pakistan: a framework for Analysis. Journal-Pakistan Medical Association, 58(4), 198-202
Ali, S., & Pervaiz, F. S. S. J. Z. (2017). Women of North Pakistan in the Line of Domestic Violence. Research on humanities and social sciences, 7(3).
Aratani, Y. (2009). Homeless children and youth: Causes and consequences. National Center for Children in Poverty. Retrieved April, 19, 2010.
Ausikaitis, A. E. (2014). Empowering homeless youth in transitional living programs: A transformative mixed methods approach to understanding their transition to adulthood.
Bagalman, E., Fernandes-Alcantara, A. L., Heisler, E. J., McCallion, G., McCarthy, F. X., & Sacco, L. N. (2014). Homelessness: Targeted Federal Programs and Recent Legislation. Congressional research service.
BG, R. S., & Gadkar, R. D. Family Factors and Runaway Missing Children: A Review of Theories and Research. International journal of management research and social sciences, 2(4), 115-119.
Butt, L. (2001). “ AN EPIDEMIC OF RUNAWAY WIVES”: Discourses by Dani Men on Sex and Marriage in Highlands Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 15(1), 55-87.
DiCicco‐Bloom, B., & Crabtree, B. F. (2006). The qualitative research interview. Medical education, 40(4), 314-321. Dobash, R. E., & Dobash, R. (1979). Violence against wives: A case against the patriarchy (pp. 179-206). New York: Free Press.
Duflo, E. (2012). Women empowerment and economic development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(4), 1051 79.
Edinburgh, L., Huemann, E., & Saewyc, E. (2012). The 10-Question Tool: a novel screening instrument for runaway youth. Journal of juvenile justice, 1(2), 80-94.
Farrow, J. A., Deisher, R. W., Brown, R., Kulig, J. W., & Kipke, M. D. (1992). Health and health needs of homeless and runaway youth: A position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. Journal of Adolescent Health, 13(8), 717-726.
Gordon, P. (2015). runaway women letters runaway women brooke at bryn mawr brother love, 2(3), 26–27.
Hadi, A. (2017). Patriarchy and Gender-Based Violence in Pakistan. European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research, 10(2), 297-304.
State of Human Rights (2015). Human Rights Commission Pakistan, 21(2), 1–18. Retrieved from http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Women_12.pdf
Heise, L. L. (1998). Violence against women: an integrated, ecological framework. Violence against women, 4(3), 262-290
Horkheimer, M. (1982). Critical theory (p. 188). New York, NY: Continuum.
Hussain, A., & Afzal, H. (2013). Exploring the Issue of ’Run-Away Women’in Pakistan-A Call for Social and Legal Change. Journal of law and social italic research, 4, 59-72
Jibeen, T. (2014). From home to shelter home: Victimization of young women in Pakistan. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 46(4), 475.
Karmaliani, R., Asad, N., Khan, K. S., Bawani, S., Ali, T. S., Jones, N., Gupta, T.,Allana, A., Maqbool, H., Walker,
D. (2017). Understanding intimate partner violence in Pakistan through a male lens. Overseas development institute, Agha Khan University.
Khan, M., & Ahmed, A. (2016). The Protection against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act 2010: A Legislative Review, (September), 91–99.
Kurien, P. A. (2001). Speaking the Unspeakable: Marital Violence among South Asian Immigrants in the United States. Social forces, 79(4), 154-1543.
Kurth, J. (1988). Wayward Wenches and Wives: Runaway Women in the Hudson Valley, NY, 1785-1830. NWSA Journal, 199-220.
Mahoney, P., & Williams, L. M. (1998). Sexual assault in marriage: Prevalence, consequences, and treatment of wife rape. Partner Violence: A Comprehensive Review of 20 Years of Research, 113-163.
Mendelson, Tamar, Alezandria K. Turner, and S. Darius Tandon. Violence exposure and depressive symptoms among adolescents and young adults disconnected from school and work. Journal of Community Psychology, 38( 5), 607-621.
Minnesota Department of Human Services. (2015). Homeless and Runaway Youth. Minnesota, Minnesota Department of Human Services Office of Economic Opportunity.
Mustafa, G. (2017). An Analysis of Women Rights in Pakistan : Theory and Practice, 3(I), 147–159.
Painter, K. (1991). Wife rape in the United Kingdom. A paper presented at the American Society of Criminology. Retrieved December, 13, 2013.
Pakeeza, S. (2015). Domestic Violence Laws and Practices in Pakistan. VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences, 6(1).
Rashid, A. (2016). Pakistan , Women Rights and the Clergy – A Case Study of the Punjab Protection Against Violence Act 2016.
Samarakoon, S., & Parinduri, R. A. (2015). Does education empower women? Evidence from Indonesia. World Development, 66, 428-442.
Straus, M. A. (1994). State-to-state differences in social inequality and social bonds in relation to assaults on wives in the United States. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 25(1),7-24.
Tanekenov, A. (2013). Empowering homeless people through employment?: the experience of British social enterprises and lessons for Kazakhstan (Doctoral dissertation, Heriot-Watt University).
Tongco, M. D. C. (2007). Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobotany Research and applications, 5, 147-158.
Tonsing, J., & Barn, R. (2017). Intimate partner violence in South Asian communities: Exploring the notion of ‘shame’to promote understandings of migrant women’s experiences. International social work, 60(3), 628- 639.
Wimpelmann, T. (2017). University of California Press. Runaway Women Book, (May 2018).
Yang, E. C. L., Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Arcodia, C. (2018). Power and empowerment: How Asian solo female travellers perceive and negotiate risks. Tourism Management, 68, 32-45.
Yodanis, C. L. (2004). Gender inequality, violence against women, and fear: A cross-national test of the feminist theory of violence against women. Journal of interpersonal violence, 19(6), 655-675.
