Acculturation on the Portuguese historical narrative: Gilberto Freyre’s contributions and limitations
Abstract
This paper interpreted the theory of Gilberto Freyre under the light of the Berry and the Rudmin models. The Portuguese culture preferred the dimensions of the fusión model. The Portuguese was different regarding the Anglo-Saxon culture, because were reported interactions and learning second cultures. Furthermore, motivations regulated cultural attitudes. However, the Freyre’s theory worked on the Portuguese culture as a consensual ideology, because the three samples preferred simultaneously real and ideal appraisals. The three samples preferred to mix cultures, yet they had different appraisals according to their social status. Furthermore, the samples preferred cultural mixtures, regardless that they answered that the intercultural relationships would not change the Portuguese culture. That contradiction reported the major limitation of the Freyre theory. The main article contribution was to report Europeans and Westerns learning second cultures, and mainly to report the majority appraisals about their own cultural changes.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Alexandre, Valentim (1999). O império e a ideia de raça (séculos XIX e XX). In Jorge Vala (Coord.), Novos racismos: Perspectivas comparativas (pp. 133-144). Oeiras: Celta.
Almeida, Miguel (2004). An earth-colored sea: “Race,” culture, and the politics of identity in the postcolonial Portuguese-colored sea. Oxford, UK: Berghahn Books.
Almeida, Miguel (2007). From miscegenation to Creole identity: Portuguese colonialism, Brazil, Cape Verde. In C. Stewart (Ed.), Creolization: History, ethnography, theory (108-132). Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
Araújo, Marta & Maeso, Silvia (2010). Explorando o eurocentrismo nos manuais portugueses de história. Estudos de Sociologia, 15, 239-270.
Arends-Tóth, Judit & Van de Vijver, Fons (2006). Issues in conceptualization and assessment of acculturation. In M. H. Bornstein & L. R. Cote (Eds.), Acculturation and parent-child relationships: Measurement and development (pp. 33-62). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Barth, Fredrik (1969). Ethnic groups and boundaries. The social organization of culture difference. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Bastide, Roger (1968). Acculturation. In Encyclopaedia Universalis (pp. 102-107). Paris: La Société d’Édition Encyclopædia Universalis.
____________ (1971). As religiões africanas no Brasil. São Paulo: Pioneira.
____________ (1973). Les relations raciales en Amérique anglo-saxonne et en Amérique latine. Académie des sciences d’Outre-mer, 33, 215- 229.
Benet-Martínez, Verónica., Leu, Janxin., Lee, Fiona & Morris, Michael (2002). Negotiating biculturalism: Cultural frame switching in biculturals with oppositional versus compatible cultural identities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 492-516.
Berry, John (1974). Canadian psychology: Some social and applied emphases. Canadian Psychologist, 15, 132-139.
____________ (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5-68.
____________ (2001). A psychology of immigration. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 615-631.
Boas, Franz (1982). Race, language, and culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Originally published in 1940.
Bourhis, Richard., Moise, Léna., Perreault, Stéphane & Senécal, Sacha (1997). Towards an interactive acculturation model: A social psychological approach. International Journal of Psychology, 32, 369-386.
Bowskill, Matt., Lyons, Evanthia & Coyle, Adrian (2007). The rhetoric of acculturation: When integration means assimilation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 793-813.
Brettell, Caroline (2003) Anthropology and migration: Essay on transnationalism, ethnicity and identity. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira.
Burke, Peter & Pallares-Burke, Maria (2008). Gilberto Freyre: Social theory in the tropics. Oxford: Peter Lang.
Cabecinhas, Rosa (2010). Expressões de racismo: Mudanças e continuidades. In A. C. S. Mandarino & E. Gomberg, (Eds.), Racismos: Olhares plurais (pp. 11-43). Salvador: Editora da Universidade Federal da Bahia.
Cardoso, Fernando (2003). Um livro perene. In G. Freyre, Casa Grande & Senzala: Formação da família brasileira sob o regime da economía patriarcal (pp. 1-19). Recife: Fundação Gilberto Freyre.
Castelo, Cláudia (1998). O modo português de estar no mundo: O luso-tropicalismo e a ideologia colonial portuguesa (1933-1961). Porto: Afrontamento.
____________ (2012). The Portuguese tile in the Rudmin Acculturation Learning Model: A fusion case. In L. Gaiser & D. Čurčić (Eds.),
EMUNI, bridging gaps in the Mediterranean research space. Conference proceedings of the 4th EMUNI Research Souk, 17-18 April (pp. 618-625). El. Knjiga/Portorož: EMUNI University.
____________ (2014a). O contexto da aculturação português através do modelo de Rudmin: Do encontro intercultural com o Japão até ao luso-tropicalismo. Dissertação de doutoramento não publicada, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal]
____________ (2014b). O contexto da aculturação português através do modelo de Rudmin: Do encontro intercultural com o Japão até ao luso-tropicalismo. Actas dos Dias da Investigação na Universidade Fer nando Pessoa. Porto: GADI.
____________ (2015). Towards a Psychology of fusion in the acculturation phenomenon. Actas dos Dias da Investigação na Universidade Fernando Pessoa. Porto: GADI.
____________ (2016a). Acculturation in the Portuguese overseas experience with Japan: A Rudmin Model application. Daxiyangguo: Revista Portuguesa de Estudos Asiáticos, 20, 89-120.
____________ (2016b). A aprendizagem duma segunda cultura e a identidade étnica dos indígenas brasileiros através duma rede social: estudo exploratório. Religacion, Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, 2, 75-94.
____________ (2016c). A literature review on the Portuguese emigration literature and acculturation. Actas dos Dias da Investigação na Universidade Fernando Pessoa. Porto: GADI.
____________ (2016d). The contributions of Gilberto Freyre for the acculturation research. The Portuguese Studies Review, 24, pp. (In press)
____________ (2016e). Wenceslau de Morães: Cultural fusion between maintenance and change. Daxiyangguo: Revista Portuguesa de Estudos Asiáticos, 2, pp (in Press).
Castro, Joaquim, Filipe, Peres & Marques, Abel. (2003). Emigração e contrabando. Melgaço: Centro Desportivo e Cultural de São Paio.
Castro, Joaquim, Filipe, Peres & Rudmin, Floyd (2016, June). What can contemporary USA learn from the history of Portuguese imperial power in Japan and in Brazil? Paper presented at 39th Annual Conference of the International Psychohistorical Association, New York University.
Catz, Rebecca (1989). Introduction. In F. M. Pinto (R. Catz, Ed.), The travels of Mendes Pinto (pp. XV-XLIV). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Christie, Dan (2006). What is Peace Psychology the Psychology of? Journal of Social Issues, 62, 1-17.
Clark, Vicki & Creswell, John (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. London: Sage Publications.
Coenders, Marcel., Lubbers, Marcel., Scheepers, Peer & Verkuyten, Maykel (2008). More than two decades of changing ethnic attitudes in the Netherlands. Journal of Social Issues, 64, 269-285.
Deschamps, Claude., Vala, Jorge., Marinho, Cristina., Costa-Lopes & Cabecinhas, Rosa (2005). Intergroup relations, racism and attribution of natural and cultural traits. Psicología Política, 30, 27-39.
Detocqueville, Alexis (2002). Democracy in America, Vol I. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University. Originally published in 1835.
Devereux, Georges & Loeb, Edwin (1943). Antagonistic acculturation. American Sociological Review, 8, 133-147.
Elias, Norbert. & Scotson, John (1994). The established and the outsiders: A sociological enquiry into community problems. London: Sage Publications. Originally published in 1965.
Figueiredo, Ana., Valentim, Joaquim & Doosje, Bertjan (2011). A shared past and a common future: The Portuguese colonial war and the dynamics of group-based guilt. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14, 163-171.
Foucault, Michel (1966). Les mots et les choses : Une archéologie des sciences humaines. Paris: Gallimard.
____________ (1980). Power/Knowledge. Brighton: Harvester. Frazier, Franklin (1942). The Negro family in Bahia, Brazil. American Sociological Review, 7, 465-478.
____________ (1949). Race contacts and the social structure. American Sociological Review, 14, 1-11.
Freyre, Gilberto (1961). Portuguese integration in the tropics. Lisbon: Tipografia. Silvas.
____________ (1986). The masters and the slaves: A study in the development of Brazilian civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press. Originally published in 1933.
Geschke, Daniel., Mummendey, Amélie., Kessler, Thomas & Funke, Friedrich (2010). Majority members’ acculturation goals as predictors and effects of attitudes and behaviours towards migrants. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49, 489-506.
Gordon, Milton (1964). Assimilation in American life: The role of race, religion and national origins. New York: Oxford University Press.
Graves, Theodore (1967). Psychological acculturation in a tri-ethnic community. South-Western Journal of Anthropology, 23, 337-350.
Herskovits, Melville (1938). Acculturation: The study of culture contact. New York: J. J. Augustin Publisher.
Hobsbawm, Eric (1990). Nations and nationalisms since 1780: Programme, myth, reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Holanda, Buarque (1948). Raízes do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2011). Censo Demográfico 2010: Características da população e dos domicílios, resultados do universo” (PDF). 8 November 2011. Retrieved 07 April 2014IBGE from http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/caracteristicas_da_populacao_tab_pdf.shtm.
Kilomba, Grada (2010). Plantation memories. Episodes of everyday racism. Munster: UNRAST-Verlag.
LaFromboise, Teresa., Coleman, Hardin & Gerton, Jennifer (1993). Psychological impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory. In P. B. Organista., K. M. Chun & G. Marín (Eds), Readings in ethnic psychology (pp. 117-155). New York: Routledge.
László, János (2003). History, identity and narratives. In János. László. & Wagner (Eds.), Theories and controversies in societal psychology (pp. 180-192). Budapest: New Mandate Publishers.
László, János., Vincze, Orsolya & Somogyvári, Ildikó (2003). Representation of national identity in successful historical novels. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 21, 69-80.
Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1986). O olhar distanciado. Lisboa: Edições 70.
Lima, Marcus & Vala, Jorge (2002). Individualismo meritocrático, diferenciação cultural e racismo. Análise Social, 37, 181-207.
Lourenço, Eduardo (1989). A peregrinação e a crítica cultural indirecta. In F. M. Pinto, Peregrinação e Cartas, Vol. II (pp. 91-102). Lisboa: Edições Afrodite.
Machado, Igor (2006). Imigração em Portugal. Estudos Avançados, 20, 119-135.
Malinowski, Bronisław (1958). The dynamics of cultural change: An inquiry into race relations in Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. Originally published in 1945.
Marques, João (2007). Do «não racismo» português aos dois racismos dos portugueses. Lisboa: Alto-Comissariado para a Imigração e Diálogo Intercultural.
McGee, William (1898). Piratical acculturation. American Anthropologist, 11, 243-249.
McGuire, William (1973). The yan and yang of progress in social psychology: Seven koan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 446-456.
Meer, Nasar & Modood, Tariq (2011). How does interculturalism contrast with multiculturalism? Journal of Intercultural Studies, 33, 1-22.
Myrdal, Gunnar (1944). An American dilemma: The Negro problem and modern democracy. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers.
Nabuco, Joaquim. (1908). The spirit of nationality in the history of Brazil. In Address delivered before the Spanish club of Yale University (pp. 1-14). New Haven: Yale University.
____________ (2000). O abolicionismo. São Paulo: Publifolha. Originally published in 1883.
Navas, Marisol., García, María., Sánchez., Rojas, Antonio., Pumares, Pablo & Fernández, Juan (2005). Relative acculturation extended model (RAEM): New contributions with regard to the study of acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 21-37.
Ortiz, Fernando (1995). Cuban counterpoint: Tobacco and sugar. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Originally published in 1940.
Park, Robert (1928). Human migration and the marginal man. The American Journal of Sociology, 33, 881-893.
Pennebaker, James., Páez, Dario & Deschamps, Claude (2006). The social psychology of history, defining the most important event of the last 10, 100, and 1000 years. Psicologia Política, 32, 15-32.
Pettigrew, Thomas & Meertens, Roel (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57-75.
Pike, Kenneth (1954). Language in relation to a unified theory of structure of human behavior - Vol. 1. Glendale, CA: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Pinto, Fernão, Mendes (1974). Peregrinação e outras obras, Vol. III. Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa Editora. Originally published in 1614.
Polgar, Steven (1960). Biculturation of Mesquakie teenage boys. American Anthropologist, 62, 217-235.
Powell, John (1880). Introduction to the study of Indian languages: With words phrases and sentences to be collected. Washington: Government Printing Office.
Qian, Zhenchao & Lichter, Daniel (2007). Social boundaries and marital assimilation: Interpreting trends in racial and ethnic intermarriage. American Sociological Review, 72, 68-94.
Redfield, Robert., Linton, Ralph & Herskovits, Melville (1936). Memorandum for the study of acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38, 149-152.
Ribeiro, Darcy. (1995). O povo brasileiro: A formação e o sentido do Brasil. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
Rocha-Trindade, Maria (1998). Les temps mythiques des migrations. In M. Rocha-Trindade & F. Raveau (Org.), Presence portugaise en France (pp. 25-38). Lisboa: Universidade Aberta.
Rocha-Trindade, Maria (2010). Associativismo em contexto migratório. Revista Migrações, 6, 39-58.
Rodrigues, Nina (1934). As raças humanas e a responsabilidade penal no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Guanabara. Originally published in 1894.
Rudmin, Floyd (2003). Critical history of the acculturation psychology of assimilation, separation, integration and marginalization. Review of General Psychology, 7, 3-37.
____________ (2009). Constructs, measurements and models of acculturation and acculturative stress. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33, 106-123.
Rudmin, Floyd., Villemo, Connie & Olsen, Bror (2007). Acculturation of the majority population: How Norwegians adopt minority ways. Psykologisk Tidsskrift, 11, 43–51.
Rudmin, Floyd, Wang, Bo & Castro, Joaquim. Filipe Peres (2015). Acculturation research critiques and alternative research designs. In S. J.
Schwartz & J. B. Unger, (Ed.), Handbook of acculturation and health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sá, Celso & Oliveira, Diniz (2002). Sur la mémoire sociale de la découverte du Brésil. In S. Laurens & N. Roussiau (Eds.), La mémoire sociale:
Identités et représentations sociales (pp. 107-118). Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
Serres, Michel (1991). Le tiers-instruit. Paris: François Bourin.
Siegel, Sidney (1957). Nonparametric statistics. American Statistician, 11, 13-19.
Simons, Sarah (1901a). Social assimilation. I. American Journal of Sociology, 6, 790-822.
____________ (1901b). Social assimilation. II. American Journal of Sociology,7, 53-79.
____________ (1901c). Social assimilation IV. American Journal of Sociology, 7, 386-404.
____________ (1901d). Social assimilation III. Assimilation in the Modern World. American Journal of Sociology, 7, 234-248.
____________ (1902). Social assimilation V. American Journal of Sociology, 7, 539-556.
Skidmore, Thomas (1998). Black into white: Race and nationality in Brazilian thought. Durham: Duke University Press.
Souza, Teotónio (1985). Indo Portuguese history: Old issues, new questions. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
____________ (2000). Gilberto Freyre na India e o luso-tropicalismo transnacional. Lisboa: Centro Português de Estudos do Sudeste Asiático.
Spencer, Herbert (1873). The study of sociology. London: Henry S. King.
Taft, Ronald (1981). The role and personality of the mediator. In S.
Bochner (Ed.), The mediating person: Bridges between cultures (pp. 53-88). Boston: G. K. Hall.
____________ (1973). Migration: Problems of adjustment and assimilation in immigrants. In P. Watson (Ed.), Psychology and race (pp. 224-240). London: Penguin.
Tax, Sol (1941). World view and social relations in Guatemala. American Anthropologist, 43, 27-42.
Taylor, Charles (2012). Interculturalism or multiculturalism? Philosophy & Social Criticism, 38, 413-423.
Todd, Emmanuel (1994). Le destin des immigres assimilation et ségrégation: Dans les démocraties occidentales. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
Touraine, Alain (2007). A new paradigm for understanding today’s world. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
U. S. Census Bureau (2011). US Census: 2010 Census Shows America’s Diversity. Retrieved 20 April 2016 from from U.S. Census. Retrived from https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn125.html.
Vala, Jorge & Lima, Marcus (2002). Individualismo meritocrático, diferenciação cultural e racismo. Análise Social, 37, 181-207.
Vala, Jorge., Lopes, Diniz & Brito, Rodrigo (1999). A construção social da diferença: Racialização e etnização das minorias. In Jorge. Vala (Org.), Novos racismos: Perspectivas comparativas (pp. 145-167). Oeiras: Celta.
Vala, Jorge., Lopes, Diniz & Lima, Marcus (2008). Black immigrants in Portugal: Luso-tropicalism and prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 64, 287-302.
Valentim, Joaquim (2003). Identidade e lusofonia nas representações sociais de portugueses e de africanos. Dissertação de doutoramento não publicada, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Venâncio, José & Moreira, Adriano (2000). Luso-tropicalismo. Uma teoria social em questão. Lisboa: Vega.
Verkuyten, Maykel (2003). Discourses and ethnic group (de-)essentialism: Oppressive and progressive aspects. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 371-391.
Vogt, Egon (1955). A study of the southwestern fiesta system as exemplified by the Laguna Fiesta. American Anthropologist, 57, 820-839.
Zagefka, Hanna (2009). The concept of ethnicity in social psychological research: Definitional issues. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33, 228-241.
Zick, Andreas., Pettigrew, Thomas & Wagner, Ulrich (2008). Ethnic prejudice and discrimination in Europe. Journal of Social Issues, 64, 233-251.
