Economic exploitation of housemaids: victims of intimate partner violence
Abstract
This study has two-fold purposes; first is to explore the partner violence on housemaids and second is their economic exploitation by their partner and at the workplace. Through analysis of interviews of the housemaid, it is explored that unemployment, drug addiction, ignorance of basic rights, poverty, illiteracy, financial crises are the main reasons of physical, psychological and sexual violence by the partner on housemaids. The economic exploitation of housemaids is due to the male-dominated society, gender discrimination and not predefined policy and rules about the wage rate in Pakistan. There is a need to per hour wage rate, proper reporting system against violence and empowerment of women in the society for the protection of their rights.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Alhabib, S., Nur, U., & Jones, R. (2010). Domestic violence against women: Systematic review of prevalence studies. Journal of family violence, 25(4), 369-382.
Amaral, S. (2017). Do improved property rights decrease violence against women in India?. Available at SSRN 2504579.
Arifin, B. (2012). Critical Analysis of Domestic Worker Condition in Malaysia and Singapore: Ameliorated Economic Condition vs. Gateway to Modern Slavery or Servitude.
Babu, B. V., & Kar, S. K. (2009). Domestic violence against women in eastern India: a population-based study on prevalence and related issues. BMC public health, 9(1), 129.
Black, M., Basile, K., Breiding, M., Smith, S., Walters, M., Merrick, M., ... & Stevens, M. (2011). National intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2010 summary report.
Buss, D. M., & Duntley, J. D. (2011). The evolution of intimate partner violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(5), 411-419.
Caldwell, J. E., Swan, S. C., Allen, C. T., Sullivan, T. P., & Snow, D. L. (2009). Why I hit him: Women’s reasons for intimate partner violence. Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma, 18(7), 672-697.
Dancer, H., & Hossain, N. (2018). Social Difference and Women’s Empowerment in the Context of the Commercialisation of African Agriculture.
Choudhary, R., Kaithwas, M., & Rana, G. (2019). Domestic Violence Against Women’s in India A Study. PANACEA International Research Journal.
DeBoer, L., & Seeborg, M. (1984). The female-male unemployment differential: effects of changes in industry employment. Monthly Lab. Rev., 107, 8.
Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., Garcia-Moreno, C., Petzold, M., Child, J. C., Falder, G.,& Pallitto, C. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Science, 340(6140), 1527-1528.
DuMonthier, A., & Dusenberry, M. (2016). Briefing Paper: Intersections of Domestic Violence and Economic Security.
Ellsberg, M., Arango, D. J., Morton, M., Gennari, F., Kiplesund, S., Contreras, M., & Watts, C. (2015). Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say?. The Lancet, 385(9977), 1555-1566.
Emery, C. R., Yoo, J., Lieblich, A., & Hansen, R. (2018). After the escape: physical abuse of offspring, posttraumatic stress disorder, and the legacy of political violence in the DPRK. Violence against women, 24(9), 999-1022.
Flinck, A., Paavilainen, E., & Åstedt‐Kurki, P. (2005). Survival of intimate partner violence as experienced by women. Journal of clinical nursing, 14(3), 383-393.
Fu, C. K., & Shaffer, M. A. (2001). The tug of work and family: Direct and indirect domain-specific determinants of work-family conflict. Personnel review, 30(5), 502-522.
Goetz, A. T., Shackelford, T. K., & Starratt, V. G. (1859). Intimate Partner Violence, 65–78.
Grovert, A. J. (2008). Domestic violence against women: A literature review.
Guruge, S., Roche, B., & Catallo, C. (2012). Violence against women: an exploration of the physical and mental health trends among immigrant and refugee women in Canada. Nursing research and practice, 2012.
Hacioğlu, Ü., & Dinçer, H. (Eds.). (2014). Globalization and Governance in the International Political Economy. Information Science Reference.
Halabi, R. (2008). Contract enslavement of female migrant domestic workers in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Human Rights and Human Welfare, 2.
Harding, H. G., & Helweg-Larsen, M. (2009). Perceived risk for future intimate partner violence among women in a domestic violence shelter. Journal of Family Violence, 24(2), 75.
Hazen, A. L., Connelly, C. D., Edleson, J. L., Kelleher, K. J., Landverk, J. A., Coben, J. H., ... & Nuszkowski, M. A. (2007). Assessment of intimate partner violence by child welfare services. Children and youth services review, 29(4), 490-500.
Heise, L., Ellsberg, M., & Gottmoeller, M. (2002). A global overview of gender‐based violence. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 78, S5-S14.
Hester, M. (2012). Portrayal of women as intimate partner domestic violence perpetrators. Violence against women, 18(9), 1067-1082.
Kamradt-Scott, A., Harman, S., Nunes, J., Roemer-Mahler, A., & Wenham, C. (2015). WHO must remain a strong global health leader post Ebola. Lancet.
Khan, R. E. A., Noreen, S., & Ahmad, S. (2012). Economic exploitation of working women in formal sector: A Case Study of private school teachers (Bahawalpur-Pakistan). World Applied Sciences Journal, 20(3), 481-486.
Klostermann, K. C., & Fals-Stewart, W. (2006). Intimate partner violence and alcohol use: Exploring the role of drinking in partner violence and its implications for intervention. Aggression and violent behavior, 11(6), 587-597.
KUMAR, S., & SHARMA, N. The Socio-Economic Status of Tribal Women in Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Lapierre, S., Côté, I., Lambert, A., Buetti, D., Lavergne, C., Damant, D., & Couturier, V. (2017). Difficult but Close Relationships : Children ’ s Perspectives on Relationships With Their Mothers in the Context of Domestic Violence.
Lopes da Veiga, J., Ferreira-Lopes, A., & Sequeira, T. (2014). Public debt, economic growth, and inflation in African economies.
McHugh, M. C., & Frieze, I. H. (2006). Intimate partner violence: New directions. ANNALS-NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 1087, 121.
Messing, J. T., Campbell, J., Wilson, J. S., Brown, S., Patchell, B., & Shall, C. (2014). Police departments’ use of the lethality assessment program: a quasi-experimental evaluation. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
Meyer, B., Haywood, N., Sachdev, D., & Faraday, S. (2008). Independent learning. Learning and Skills Network, Research Report DCSF-RR051.
Nader, A. S. (2015). Maid for Success: Locating Domestic Work in Senegal’s Shifting Landscape of Gender, Labor, and Power.
Nelson, H. D., Bougatsos, C., & Blazina, I. (2012). Screening women for intimate partner violence: a systematic review to update the US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Annals of internal medicine, 156(11), 796-808.
Pan American Health Organization. (2003). Causes and Effects of Gender-Based Violence. Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights, 1–10.
Peterson, R. R. (2008). Reducing intimate partner violence: Moving beyond criminal justice interventions. Criminology & Pub. Pol’y, 7, 537.
Postmus, J. L., McMahon, S., Silva-Martinez, E., & Warrener, C. D. (2014). Exploring the challenges faced by Latinas experiencing intimate partner violence. Affilia, 29(4), 462-477.
Sanders, C. K., & Schnabel, M. (2006). Organizing for economic empowerment of battered women: Women’s savings accounts. Journal of Community Practice, 14(3), 47-68.
Sanz-Barbero, B., Linares, C., Vives-Cases, C., González, J. L., López-Ossorio, J. J., & Díaz, J. (2018). Intimate partner violence in Madrid: a time series analysis (2008–2016). Annals of epidemiology, 28(9), 635-640.
Shively, K. (2011). When domestic violence is not “intimate partner violence”: Cases from Turkey and elsewhere. Practicing Anthropology, 33(3), 13-16.
SIDA. (2015). Preventing and Responding to Gender-Based Violence : Expressions and Strategies
Soharwardi, M. A., Khan, A. S., & Khalid, M. Socio-economic Determinants of Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Cholistan Desert, Pakistan.
Sundaram, V., Helweg-Larsen, K., Laursen, B., & Bjerregaard, P. (2004). Physical violence, self rated health, and morbidity: is gender significant for victimisation?. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 58(1), 65-70.
Swan, S. C., Gambone, L. J., Caldwell, J. E., Sullivan, T. P., & Snow, D. L. (2008). A review of research on women’s use of violence with male intimate partners. Violence and victims, 23(3), 301.
Tahir, M. (2017). Domestic Violence against Women in Pakistan and its Solution from an Islamic Perspective: A Critical and Analytical Study. Available at SSRN 2986723.
United, D. W. (2006). HOME IS WHERE THE WORK IS : Inside New York ’ s Domestic Work Industry.
Verma, A., Qureshi, H., & Kim, J. Y. (2017). Exploring the trend of violence against women in India. International journal of comparative and applied criminal justice, 41(1-2), 3-18.
Walker, J., & Gavin, H. (2011). Interpretations of domestic violence: Defining intimate partner abuse.
World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. 2013, 57.
