Culture of prevention in occupational health and safety: critical review of approaches, models, and challenges in high-risk work environments

Abstract

A culture of prevention in occupational health and safety (OHS) is recognized as a fundamental pillar of risk management, especially in high-risk sectors such as mining, construction, energy, and heavy manufacturing. Despite advances in technology and regulation, accident rates in these industries remain a global concern, highlighting the limitations of purely technical or regulatory approaches. This article presents a critical review of the literature on the culture of prevention in OHS, adopting a qualitative approach. The evolution of the concept is analyzed, from models focused on individual behavior to systemic and organizational perspectives. The most influential theoretical models, such as cultural maturity (e.g., the Hudson Ladder) and the Just Culture model, are critically examined, identifying their practical strengths and limitations. Finally, the contemporary challenges for consolidating a culture of prevention in high-risk environments are discussed, including production pressure, outsourcing, the normalization of deviance, and the impact of psychosocial risks. The analysis concludes that a robust and sustainable culture of prevention requires visibly committed leadership, active employee participation, and a systemic approach that integrates safety as a core and non-negotiable value of the organization.