Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
The study analyzes the urethral alterations of surgical resolution in dogs and their repercussions on renal function, a relevant problem due to the frequency of urinary obstructions that lead to progressive renal damage. The objective is to describe the main etiologies, review the surgical techniques used and assess their impact on the preservation of renal function. The methodology corresponds to a systematic review developed under the PRISMA method, by searching international databases and applying specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The variables considered were type of urethral alteration, surgical technique used, renal function parameters and postoperative evolution. The findings show that obstructions due to urolithiasis, stenosis, trauma and neoplasms are the main causes of urethral alterations in canines. Minimally invasive techniques (balloon dilation, stents, subcutaneous ureteral bypass) were highly effective in restoring urinary permeability and normalizing creatinine and BUN levels with lower morbidity and faster recovery. Open surgeries still have a role in emergency situations or extensive injuries, but with a higher risk of complications. It is determined that early intervention and the individualization of the surgical approach are crucial factors to preserve renal function. Postoperative surveillance, comparative studies of new techniques should be strengthened and the use of advanced diagnostic methods promoted to improve planning and follow-up in complex cases.
References
Alamilla, M., Alcalá, M., Ulloa, V., Yanez, V., & Yamá, M. (2025). Understanding renal tubular function: Key mechanisms, clinical relevance, and comprehensive urine assessment. Pathophysiology, 32(3), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology32030033
Bertran, J., Ham, K., Gibson, J., & Kieves, N. (2021). Penile urethral resection and anastomosis augmentation with regional tissue tension relieving technique: A cadaveric mechanical study and clinical outcome in two dogs. Veterinary Surgery, 50(4), 888-897. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13614
Chang, J., Berent, A., & Weisse, C. (2025). Cystoscopic-guided laser ablation of intramural ectopic ureters in male dogs: A retrospective study of 18 cases (2011–2023). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 39. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70243
Chiaramonte, A., Takacs, J., Clarke, D., & Anglin, E. (2022). Transpelvic urethrostomy in a female dog with congenital vestibulovaginal and urethral stenosis: A case report. Veterinary Surgery, 51, 706–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13769
Cocostírc, V., Ioana, A., & Pusta, D. (2023). Una descripción general de los trastornos neurológicos hereditarios caninos con variantes causales conocidas. Animals, 13(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223568
Covo, M., Berent, A., & Weisse, C. (2024). Use of the subcutaneous ureteral bypass device and urethral stenting for treatment of malignant urinary outflow tract obstructions in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 26(9). https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X241262666
Dorado, L. (2022). Revisión bibliográfica de las alteraciones de las vías urinarias bajas en la especie canina [Trabajo de grado, Universidad de Zaragoza].
Dowling, P. (2023). Farmacoterapia en infecciones bacterianas del tracto urinario en animales. En Manual Veterinario MSD. University of Saskatchewan.
Emanuel, M., Berent, A., Weisse, C., Donovan, T., & Lamb, K. (2020). Retrospective study of proliferative urethritis in dogs: Clinical presentation and outcome using various treatment modalities in 11 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 35(1), 312-320. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16007
Estes, T., Secoura, P., Harris, T., & Vaden, S. (2020). Outcomes following balloon dilation of benign urethral strictures in dogs: Eight cases (2005–2018). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 50(1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6935
Ferreira, P., Paz, M., Tumelero, T., Cassanego, G., & Rodrigues, M. (2021). Neoplasms of the urinary system in dogs and cats. PUBVET, 15(10), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v15n10a941.1-8
Flemming, K., & Noyes, J. (2021). Qualitative evidence synthesis: Where are we at. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406921993276
Foglia, A., Cola, V., Del Magno, S., & Dondi, F. (2025). Penile urethral anastomosis to the vesico-urethral junction, after transabdominal wall passage of the penis, as treatment for intrapelvic stent-related urethral obstruction in a dog. Veterinary Surgery, 54(1), 1647–1654. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.14249
Furukawa, Y., Horiguchi, A., Shinchi, M., Ojima, K., Segawa, Y., Takekawa, K., & Ito, K. (2025). Feasibility and surgical outcomes of simultaneous urethral reconstruction for synchronous urethral strictures. International Journal of Urology, 32. https://doi.org/10.1111/iju.15664
Fusai, J. (2022). Uréter ectópico: reporte de un caso clínico [Trabajo de grado, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro].
Gloor, C., Schweighauser, A., Rytz, U., & Francey, T. (2024). Placement of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass in a Miniature Pinscher with presumed xanthine urolithiasis as a result of allopurinol treatment. Fallbericht, 166(4), 207-215. https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00422
Goettems, A., Martin, B., Richter, P., & Demolier, S. (2018). Penectomia e uretrostomia escrotal em canino. XVIII Fórum de Pesquisa Científica. https://n9.cl/btlypw
Greenwell, T., Rez, L., Ruiz, C., Zquez, C., Ndez-Pascual, E., Os, E., & Nez-Piñeiro, L. (2022). Repair of traumatic urethral strictures: La Paz University Hospital experience. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010054
Hu, L., He, K., Jin, L., & Yan, X. (2025). Metabolic evaluation and disease characteristics of urolithiasis in children from 2020 to 2024: A retrospective single-center study at the national children’s medical center. BMC Pediatrics, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05773-8
Jiménez, M., Chipugsi, C., Hinojosa, I., & Veloz, D. (2025). Uretrostomía y vinculación: impacto de la clínica veterinaria de la UTC en cirugías especializadas. RECIMUNDO, 9, 214-221. https://doi.org/10.26820/recimundo/9.(esp).mayo.2025.214-221
Kim, S., Hosoya, K., Takagi, S., & Okumura, M. (2020). Outcomes following balloon dilation for management of urethral obstruction secondary to urothelial carcinoma in dogs: 12 cases (2010–2015). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 255(3), 330-335. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.255.3.330
Kopecny, L., Palm, C., & Culp, W. (2022). Diagnosis, management, and outcome of urethral obstruction secondary to the capsule associated with the artificial urethral sphincter device. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 36, 1016-1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16399
Korytárová, N., Bosch, B., Klass, L., & Slunsky, P. (2024). Surgical management of urethral obstruction secondary to perineal liposarcoma in a dog: A case report. BMC Veterinary Research, 20(115), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-03956-6
Litviakov, M., Winter, J., & Rossanese, M. (2025). Intraoperative urethrocystoscopy reduces operating time and may improve urolith detection during open cystotomy in male dogs over 7 kg. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 8(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.24.12.0763
Londoño, R. (2025). El sistema urinario en caninos. Autores y Editores.
Lulich, J. (2022). Evaluation of temporary urethral stents in the management of malignant and nonmalignant urethral diseases in dogs. Veterinary Sciences, 9(2), 63-82. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020063
Machado, A., & Sánchez, R. (2021). Estudio histológico e inmunohistoquímico de tumores mediastinales. Revista Venezolana de Oncología, 33(4), 240-265.
Mathews, K., Toedebusch, C., Palm, C., & Kendall, A. (2020). Obstrucción funcional idiopática del tracto de salida urinario en perros, una serie de casos retrospectiva (2010-2021): 31 casos. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 37(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16843
Milligan, M., Berent, A., Weisse, C., Cordero, K., & Toizer, E. (2020). Outcome of SUB placement for the treatment of benign ureteral obstruction in dogs: Nine dogs and 12 renal units (2013 to 2017). Journal of Small Animal Practice, 61(7). https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13137
Montañés, M. (2021). Anomalías congénitas cardiocirculatorias en perros [Trabajo de grado, Universidad de Zaragoza].
Page, M., McKenzie, J., Bossuyt, P., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T., Mulrow, C., & Alonso-Fernández, S. (2021). Declaración PRISMA 2020: una guía actualizada para la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas. Revista Española de Cardiología, 74(9), 790-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.06.016
Pramodkumar, M., Mahendralal, D., Himanshu, S., & Viral, P. (2024). A comprehensive study on the development of a self-expanding metallic urethral stent system for canine urethral obstructions: A bench scale evaluation. International Journal of Scientific Development and Research, 9(1), 298-304.
Prządka, P., Liszka, B., Lachowska, S., Dzimira, S., & Ciaputa, R. (2021). Case report: Laparoscopy-assisted pre-pubic urethrostomy as a palliative procedure for resection of distal urethral tumor in a female dog. BMC Veterinary Research, 17(309), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-03024-3
Ramirez, A., & Londoño, J. (2024). Urolitiasis en canino de raza American Bully: reporte de caso [Trabajo de grado, Corporación Universitaria Lasallista].
Ramos, A. (2024). Cirugía mínimamente invasiva en abdomen [Trabajo de grado, Universidad de Zaragoza].
Rinza, E. (2024). Viabilidad de la anastomosis término terminal yeyunal revestida con trasposición mesentérica en un modelo canino [Tesis de grado, Universidad Nacional de San Martín].
Rohde, A., Hoelzler, M., & Morgera, A. (2024). Outcomes of scrotal urethrostomy with poliglecaprone 25 in dogs: 67 cases (2011 to 2023). The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 65(12), 1277-1284.
Salazar, N. (2023). Evaluación de patrones de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de bacterias aisladas de infecciones del tracto urinario en caninos y felinos de la ciudad de Bogotá, durante el periodo de 2021-2022 [Trabajo de grado, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales].
Scutelnic, G., & Gutu, E. (2023). Urethral strictures: Diagnosis and treatment. InterConf, 151(32). https://doi.org/10.51582/interconf.19-20.04.2023.050
Sembenelli, G., Júnior, J., Wittmaack, M., Montanhim, G., Dias, L., & Moraes, P. (2020). Ureteral stent placement using a double J-catheter in the treatment of ectopic ureter in a dog. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 48(1). https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.103036
Shales, C. (2019). Urethral obstruction in dogs: Diagnosis and management. In Practice, 41(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/inp.k4998
Skinner, O., Boston, S., & Maxwell, P. (2020). Interventions and experience after complicated total cystectomy in a dog with transitional cell carcinoma. Veterinary Surgery, 49(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13330
Taylor, C., & Smeak, D. (2021). Perineal urethrostomy in male dogs — Technique description, short- and long-term results. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 62(12), 1315–1322.
Thajunnisa, A., Philip, L., Dileepkumar, K., Anoop, S., Venugopal, S., Martin, J. L., & Devanand, C. (2021). Surgical management of obstructive urolithiasis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic identification of uroliths in dogs: A report of six cases. Research Square Preprint, 1. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-529635/v1
Trikoupi, G., Papadopoulou, P., Adamama, K., & Filippitzi, M. (2025). A comparison of contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (CE-VUS) and contrast retrograde cystourethrography (RCUG) for the detection of vesicoureteral reflux in young dogs. Animals, 15(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15131918
Tsari, V. (2020). Surgical management of urethral obstruction in a dog by urethrostomy: A case study. Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences, 2(3), 29-34.
Valle, S., & Llivi, J. (2024). Manejo de uroperitoneo en un perro causado por obstrucción uretral: reporte de caso. Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria InvestiGo, 5(11), 110-128. https://doi.org/10.56519/wtxrqs43
Vrijsen, E., Devriendt, N., & Rooster, H. (2020). Complications and survival after subcutaneous ureteral bypass device placement in 24 cats: A retrospective study (2016–2019). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 23(8), 759-769. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X20975374
Walton, R., Mickelson, M., Palerme, J., Blong, A., & Hoen, M. (2022). Case report: Successful management and long-term follow-up of bilateral ureteral ligation in a dog secondary to cryptorchid castration utilizing bilateral ureteral stents and a neoureterocystostomy procedure. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.903638
Wittmaack, M., Sembenelli, G., Moraes, P., Dias, L., Silva, P., & Mani, C. (2020). Bilateral double-pigtail ureteral stent placement for management of ureteral obstruction secondary to transitional cell carcinoma in a dog. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 48. https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.100814
Yun, J., & Lee, S. (2025). Management of recurrent skin dehiscence by subcutaneous ureteral bypass shunting port in a bitch — Efficacy of doxycycline. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.141728
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.