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O estudo analisa as alterações uretrais de resolução cirúrgica em caninos e suas repercussões sobre a função renal, problemática relevante devido à frequência de obstruções urinárias que conduzem a dano renal progressivo. O objetivo é descrever as principais etiologias, revisar as técnicas cirúrgicas empregadas e avaliar seu impacto na preservação da função renal. A metodologia corresponde a uma revisão sistemática desenvolvida sob o método PRISMA, mediante busca em bases de dados internacionais e aplicação de critérios específicos de inclusão e exclusão. As variáveis consideradas foram tipo de alteração uretral, técnica cirúrgica utilizada, parâmetros de função renal e evolução pós-operatória. Os achados evidenciam que as obstruções por urolitíase, estenose, traumas e neoplasias constituem as principais causas de alterações uretrais em caninos. As técnicas minimamente invasivas (dilatação com balão, stents, derivação ureteral subcutânea) mostraram-se altamente efetivas para restaurar a permeabilidade urinária e normalizar os níveis de creatinina e BUN, com menor morbidade e recuperação mais rápida. As cirurgias abertas ainda têm lugar em situações de urgência ou lesões extensas, porém com maior risco de complicações. Determina-se que a intervenção precoce e a individualização da abordagem cirúrgica são fatores cruciais para preservar a função renal. Deve-se fortalecer a vigilância pós-operatória, fomentar estudos comparativos de novas técnicas e promover o uso de métodos diagnósticos avançados para melhorar o planejamento e o acompanhamento em casos complexos.
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